The architectural masterpieces of the emerald city
Shahrisabz is a town in Uzbekistan. It is located amid the luxuriant verdure of gardens on the upper reaches of the Kashkadarya. The numerous mountain streams that flow into the river’s main bed bring fertile silt as well as life-giving water. It was on the massive deposits laid down by the flow of water, which formed a small plain, that a local farming area came into being in ancient times. Within its boundaries, archaeological excavations have revealed a large number of settlements and estates belonging to ancient times and the Middle Ages.
Today Shahrisabz has far outgrown its mediaeval boundaries, but it still bathes in the emerald green of its gardens, and, above them, as though surging up from the depths of the sea, tower the majestic creations of the architects of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is a commonplace that a country, town or village gains popularity or universal recognition thanks to some historical site, event or other feature, which makes a lasting impression. Shahrisabz is, above all, associated with the Ak-Saray palace. Many amazing legends are linked with the history of the palace’s construction. According to one of them, Timur began to think of building a magnificent edifice, summoned an architect and set out his objective. After listening to the ruler, the architect asked to be allowed into the state exchequer. When permission was granted, the craftsman started to make foundation blocks from clay mixed with gold in full view of Timur.
Seeing that the ruler remained impassive, he broke up the blocks and returned the gold to the exchequer. When Timur asked: “Why did you do that?” the architect replied: “So as to make sure of your determination to embark on constructing a building that requires vast expenditure.” A second legend recounts that, after the main building work had been completed, Timur began to tell the craftsmen to hurry up and finish the decorative facing of the palace. But they were in no hurry to cover the building with majolica and mosaic. When the angry ruler ordered the chief architect to be brought before him, it emerged that had vanished after hanging a chain in the centre of the palace’s main arch. Since no other craftsman of equal stature could be found, the building remained unfinished. Some time later, however, the architect suddenly appeared and, after making sure that the chain on the entrance arch was now considerably lower, embarked on decorating the building.
When Timur demanded an explanation of his strange flight and sudden reappearance, the architect replied: “I dared not disobey my sovereign’s command, but I could not carry it out either. Stern punishment awaited me in either case, since such a majestic building had to settle and bed down firmly in the ground, otherwise all the decoration on it would be destroyed.” The great ruler appreciated the craftsman’s wisdom and resourcefulness.
The palace building in Shahrisabz took over a quarter of a century to construct. The Spanish ambassador, Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who passed through Shahrisabz in 1404 on his way to the court of Timur in Samarkand, was astounded and charmed by the architectural miracle, and he left a detailed description of it, noting, however, that the splendid artistic decoration of the palace was still unfinished. The overall layout, scale and artistic appearance of Ak-Saray can be reconstituted from the descriptions of contemporaries and eyewitnesses, as well as from the results of archaeological excavation at the site. According to written accounts, the palace consisted of several stately, living or service quarters, grouped around separate courtyards.
The overall scale of the palace is impressive: the main courtyard alone, which has been reconstituted from the microrelief, was 120 – 125 m wide and 240 – 250 m long. The size of the other courtyards and of the outer perimeter of the palace has not been reconstructed owing to severe disturbance of the microrelief in the 15th – 16th centuries. Calculation of the proportions of the surviving elements of the site makes it fairly certain that the height of the main portal reached 70 m. It was topped by arched pinnacles (ko’ngra), while corner towers on a multifaceted pedestal were at least 80 m high. The main entrance portal was 50 m wide, and the arch had the largest span, 22.5 m, in Central Asia.
The architectural decor, featuring a wide variety of designs and colours, is particularly noteworthy in the artistic appearance of Ak-Saray. When using various techniques, however, the craftsmen bore in mind that the palace’s main portal faced north, towards the capital, Samarkand. Given the poor light, the architects used only flat segmentation here and hence a continuous decorative treatment. The use of brick mosaic work, mainly dark and light blue in colour, forming large geometrical and epigraphic designs on a background of polished building brick, gives the portal a special softness of colour and an air of grand mystery.
The various mosaic and majolica work in the niche of the portal is particularly refined and highly coloured. The delicately executed foliate ornamentation incorporates exquisite calligraphic inscriptions of mainly Koranic content, although secular ones are found too. In the midst of the decorative facing, an inscription has survived, giving the date of completion, 798 (1395 – 1396), and the name of the craftsman, Muhammad Yusuf Tebrizi (from the Azeri city of Tabriz). According to Clavijo, who visited Ak-Saray, “in this palace was a very long entrance and a very high portal, and by the entrance, to right and left, were brick arches covered with tiles painted with various designs. Beneath these arches was what looked like small rooms without doors, and the floor inside them was covered with tiles. This was done so that people could sit there when the king was present. Beyond this was another door and after that a large courtyard, paved with white slabs and surrounded by richly decorated galleries. In the middle of the courtyard was a large pool. The courtyard was some 300 paces wide, and it gave access to a large house, in which was a very high and wide door, decorated with gold, azure and tiles of very fine workmanship. In the middle, above the door, a lion was depicted, lying in the sun, and exactly the same picture was to be found at the edges. This was the device of the king of Samarkand. After this, the envoys were taken to look at the chamber that the king had appointed for sitting and feasting with his wives, very spacious and luxurious. Before it was a large garden with many shady and assorted fruit trees. Inside it were many pools and artfully sited meadows. By the entrance to this garden there was such a vast space that many people could have enjoyed themselves sitting there in the summertime beside the water and beneath the shade of the trees. The workmanship in the palace is so luxurious that, in order to describe everything well, one has to go and examine it a little at a time.”
The Ak-Saray palace is a grandiose piece of civil architecture, and not just by Central Asian standards. Historical tradition ascribes the destruction of the majestic edifice to Abdullakhan, who, during one of the sieges of unsubdued Shahrisabz, is supposed to have ordered the splendid structures of Timur and his descendants to be demolished. Be that as it may, of the once luxurious royal palace only the pillars and part of the arch of the main portal remained by the second half of the 18th century.
The building of the Ak-Saray palace gave effect to Sakhibkiran’s idea of turning Shahrisabz into the state’s second capital, while the creation of the Dorussaodat and Doruttilovat memorial complexes reflected his desire to make his home town the spiritual centre of Movarounnahr. The Dorussaodat (“repository of power”) memorial complex was intended for the whole Timurid dynasty and was founded after the untimely death of Timur’s eldest son, Jahangir, at the age of 20. Several years later, an extremely tall building, Jahangir’s Mausoleum, was erected over the prince’s grave with the help of craftsmen from Khorezm. Timur’s court chronicler, Sharafiddin Yazdi, wrote: “On both the right and the left-hand side of the facade of that edifice he ordered that the building of makbarats (burial vaults) and new khazira should be completed for the emir-zade Jahangir and other descendants and nobles.” A vault intended for Timur himself was located on the mausoleum’s longitudinal axis beneath the conical dome.
Timur’s second son, Umarshaykh, 29, who was killed in 1393 – 1394 during the siege of the fortress of Kurd in Iran and whose body was brought to Shahrisabz from Shiraz, is also buried in the Dorussaodat complex. The Dorussaodat buildings were destroyed when the forces of the Sheybanid ruler Abdullakhan II entered Shahrisabz in the second half of the 16th century. Of the ground-level structures, only the mausoleum of Jahangir survived. The multi-chamber mosque of Khazrati Imam with a domed hall and a painted ayvan, or raised verandah, was built next to it in the mid – 19th century. There were living quarters around the courtyard. The Doruttilovat ensemble (14th – 15th centuries) grew up to the south-west of the Dorussaodat on the edge of an ancient cemetery. It was there that Emir Taragay, Timur’s father, who died in 1360 – 1361, was originally buried.
The Doruttilovat memorial complex was formed after the death in 1370 – 1371 of the eminent religious leader Shamsiddin Kulal, the founder of Sufism, the spiritual mentor of Emir Taragay and of Timur himself, and the teacher of Bahauddin Naqshbandi. His grave immediately became a place of reverence for his numerous disciples.
Next to the tomb of Sheikh Kulal stood the building of the Doruttilovat madrasa. The remains of Emir Taragay were transferred to one of its rooms. During the reign of Timur, Kulal’s tomb was faced with slabs of onyx marble. Later, under the rule of Ulughbek, a domed mausoleum was erected over the site of Shamsiddin Kulal’s burial and on the remains of an earlier and more modest building. The Ko’k-Gumbaz (Blue Dome) mosque was built opposite the mausoleum and on the same axis in 1435. An inscription on its portal indicates that the mosque was built by Ulughbek on behalf of his father, Shakhrukh. It is also known as the Friday Mosque of Shahrisabz.
In 1437 – 1438, two years after the mosque’s construction, a burial vault (makbarat) for the descendants and members of the Timurid clan was built, by order of Ulughbek, beside the south wall of the mausoleum of Shamsiddin Kulal. Among the marble gravestones of the 15th – 17th centuries transferred to the burial vault at various times from the neighbouring cemetery, there are several examples that mention the names of the Termez Sayyids. This is the origin of the second, and later, name of the vault, the Gumbazi-Sayidon (Dome of the Sayyids).
Thus, around the enclosed courtyard of the Doruttilovat madrasa, a unified memorial complex of the same name took shape throughout the 14th and 15th centuries – the Mausoleum of Shamsiddin Kulal, the madrasa itself with the gurkhana of Emir Taragay, the mosque and the makbarat, or burial vault, of Ulughbek. Between the two famous memorial ensembles of Shahrisabz, the Dorussaodat and the Doruttilovat, lay an old cemetery, where members of the local aristocracy and the clergy were buried.
Author: Zafar Khakimov
